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Dry-Ingredient Substitutes for Baking
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Dry-Ingredient Substitutes for Baking
First.
Baking Soda Substitutes
Second.
Baking Powder Substitutes
Third.
Flour Substitutes
Fourth.
Cake Flour Substitutes
Fifth.
Self-Rising Flour Substitute
Sixth.
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Remembering My Grandfather, George Foote Foss
As a young boy, growing up in Fort Chambly, Quebec, from time to time, I would hear stories of my grandfather George Foote Foss and his invention. I would overhear these stories as my father shared the details with friends and neighbours who were visiting our home. However, the stories that I most often heard came directly from my grandfather, as we visited him frequently. I recall fondly sitting on a footstool near his feet as he sat in his large, comfortable chair, recounting the steps he took in tinkering, planning and, ultimately, building a gasoline engine automobile, which was to be the first in Canada—later dubbed “the Fossmobile.”
In the early 1960s, when I was about seven years old, I recall that everyone around me was talking with a flurry of renewed interest about his accomplishment. It was then that he was presented with two honorary memberships: one from the Vintage Automobile Club of Montreal (VACM) and the second from the prestigious Antique Automobile Club of America (AACA). Only two Canadians have ever received this latter honour. The other Canadian to receive it was Colonel Robert Samuel McLaughlin, who started the McLaughlin Motor Car Company in 1907, one of the first major automobile manufacturers in Canada.
With these two initiatives, there came a swarm of media attention, and I can recall being shown newspaper clippings, many of which I still have in my possession today. Not only were there photos and articles written about his honorary memberships, but many of the local papers also reprinted his earlier writing of “The True Story of a Small Town Boy,” originally published in 1954 by The Sherbrooke Daily Record.
Having a relative with historical significance meant that most of his descendants have ended up using his Fossmobile story, and the various publications about its invention, as a topic for school projects. I recall doing precisely that in school, both of my two children did so as well, and just a year ago, my six-year-old granddaughter did a show-and-tell at school about her great-great-grandfather’s invention.
Completing the Fossmobile
George Foote Foss (September 30, 1876-November 23, 1968) was a mechanic, blacksmith, bicycle repairman and inventor from Sherbrooke, Quebec. It was in early 1896, during a trip to Boston to buy a turret lathe for his expanding machine shop, that my grandfather saw his first automobiles. These cars, electrically driven broughams, were rented out for $4 an hour. He paid the fee to have a ride, but unfortunately, after a ride of only half an hour, the batteries died. Returning to Sherbrooke, he decided to build an automobile that would address this problem.
And so during the winter of 1896, he developed a four-horsepower, single-cylinder gasoline-powered automobile. In the spring of 1897, he completed the Fossmobile and it became the first successful gasoline-powered automobile to be built in Canada.
Saying “No Thanks” to Henry Ford
My grandfather drove his car in and around Sherbrooke for four years. He later moved to Montreal, where the car sat idle for a year before he sold it for $75 in 1902. He had previously turned down an offer to partner with Henry Ford who went on to form the Ford Motor Company. He turned down the offer, as he believed Ford’s Quadricycle vehicle to be inferior to the Fossmobile. He also turned down financial backing to mass-produce the Fossmobile, citing his inexperience to do so, as he was only 21 years old at the time.
I am often asked if I know if my grandfather had any regrets about not partnering with Ford or not mass-producing his invention. From everything I recall hearing him say, he had no regrets. He enjoyed a simple life, and I heard him say on more than one occasion, “You don’t live a long life with the stresses of running a big business.” He passed away at age 92, so perhaps his theory was right, at least for him.
Recently, I reopened the Foss family archives to better understand and accurately document my grandfather’s remarkable accomplishment. My objective has been to find ways to share this historic Canadian event with automotive enthusiasts, historians and future generations of Canadians. To this end, I have established Fossmobile Enterprises, as a means to build networks, foster collaboration and share important historical memorabilia.
A Tribute Fossmobile
As George Foss’s grandson, I have talked with some visionaries and I am seeking the help of other potential experts in vintage automobile restoration for a very special project. The goal is to use reverse engineering (the reproduction of an inventor or manufacturer’s product) to create a Tribute Automobile, emulating as closely as possible the specifications of George Foss’s invention of the first gasoline-powered automobile built in Canada: the Fossmobile. There are no original drawings, so the Tribute Automobile will have to be based solely on detailed scrutiny of original Fossmobile photos.
I began the process of acquiring vintage parts from the era, with the hope of building this automobile, replicating parts only when it was absolutely necessary. I have provided hands-on oversight for this process, collaborating with historians and experts. We have found and fully restored an engine, a chassis, wheels and a period-correct wood body. Custom woodworking has been completed for the seat and engine cowl. Additionally, mechanical fabrication was needed for the steering tiller and the chain-driven sprockets. With every step the journey has been well documented, ensuring attention to the smallest of details.
The plan is to honour my grandfather’s legacy and bring to greater light this significant chapter of Canadian automotive history. All original photos, journals and related documents have been donated to Library and Archives Canada. Upon its completion, this tribute Fossmobile will be a tangible embodiment of the first gasoline automobile built in Canada. It will eventually be donated to the Canadian Automotive Museum to enhance historic education for current and future Canadians.
Discover 20 mind-blowing artifacts you’ll find in Canadian museums.
Cookie-consent pop-ups are one of the biggest annoyances on the Internet. Almost every site you visit has a notice saying, “This website uses cookies to improve your experience. Do you agree?” or something similar. Typically, we click “yes” or “agree” without even thinking about it because we’re eager to get to the content. But should we? Not necessarily.
What are cookies, exactly?
Before we delve into the dos and don’ts of cookie consent, here’s a little refresher on this Web tool: Cookies are essentially information collectors and trackers in the form of small text files stored on your browser by the sites you visit. Some are useful. For example, a cookie saved on your browser makes it so you don’t have to re-enter your log-in information every time you visit one of your favourite websites. Cookies can also remember your shopping preferences so that you get a personalized experience when you visit the website. Others, however, track how you use a website, how often you go there, your IP address, your phone number, what types of things you look at and buy, and other information you may not want to share.
Do you have to accept cookies?
Many companies have you click “yes” so that they’re compliant with current privacy laws. This means that once you click, you’ve given the company permission to use your information as they see fit without the worry of legal backlash. Most of the time, cookies are no big deal. There are a few occasions, though, where you should decline cookies. Don’t worry—if you find yourself in a situation where you need to decline or simply want to decline for whatever reason, most websites will work just fine without collecting your information. With that said, here’s when saying no to the cookies is a good idea.
Sketchy sites
Beware when you’re on an unencrypted website (these websites will have an unlocked lock icon by the web address) while using a public Wi-Fi network. The information collected by cookies can be intercepted by hackers because there isn’t any security to stop them. Your best bet when borrowing Wi-Fi from your local coffee shop or fast-food joint is to use your browser’s private or incognito mode. While in this mode, cookies aren’t collected by default (though you can manually turn off cookie blocking on some browsers), no matter where your Internet journeys take you. Something else you’ll definitely want to know: the password mistakes hackers hope you’ll make.
Third-party cookies
If the cookie-consent pop-up mentions third-party cookies, click “decline.” Accepting gives the website the right to sell your browsing behaviour to a data broker. The broker then combines your behaviour on one website with information from other websites and builds an extremely detailed profile of you as a consumer. “The broker then sells that profile to other third parties who want to market to people like you,” says Harry Maugans, CEO of Privacy Bee, a proactive privacy management tool for consumers. “As you can imagine, this chain extends infinitely. Once you lose control of your personal data, it gets packaged and repackaged in all kinds of ways. It’s scary but true.”
According to Maugans, some third-party cookies are even nefarious. You could become a victim of “cookie stealing” or “session hijacking.” This is when a hacker gains access to a browser and mimics users to be able to steal cookies from that browser. This can put you at risk of identity theft if hackers manage to steal cookies that store your personal information or credit card information.
If you’re worried that you might accidentally accept third-party cookies, there’s an easy way to make things fool-proof. Go into your browser and choose to allow only required cookies or “first party” cookies. These cookies are the helpful ones mentioned earlier and are usually only used by the website you’re visiting.
When you’re using private information
If you don’t feel comfortable sharing the information you’re using or accessing on a website with a stranger, don’t use cookies on that site. According to Jeremy Tillman, president of the privacy company Ghostery, you should avoid cookies on sites where you do your banking, access your medical information, or use other private information.
If you’re afraid that you’ve already accepted cookies on websites where you wouldn’t want your information gathered, go into your browser and use the “clear cookies” option. This will prevent sites from collecting your information in the future, as long as you decline the next time a site asks you to accept its cookies.
Next, check out the new scams Canadians are falling for—and how to avoid them.
I’m a teacher and proud Canadian. My love and respect for those who sacrificed their lives in the name of freedom runs deep within me. Canada’s contributions to the First World War became a focus of mine in university and continues to be a highlight in my classroom each November as we prepare for Remembrance Day. In 2017, I had an idea to bring a message from Canada to the fallen soldiers resting in France.
In April of that year, I took the opportunity to celebrate the 100th anniversary of the Battle of Vimy Ridge with my Grade 6 students at Essex Public School. After providing some background on the war and the battle itself, I tasked the students with researching a fallen soldier who currently lies in a cemetery at the foot of Vimy Ridge.
They began by searching the online registers via the Commonwealth War Graves Commission website. Once they had settled on a name, they then switched over to the National Archives of Canada website to access scanned copies of their soldiers’ military service records. It was interesting to watch the students connect with these young (and old) soldiers from a century before. Amid the tapping of keys and scratching of pencils, I’d hear them sharing tidbits about “their soldier.” For instance, we learned that Chloe’s soldier, Private Percival Moore, was the youngest among those researched at the tender age of 16; Reagan realized that Lieutenant Geoffrey May was studying law before enlisting at the age of 23; and Jenna-Ann was delighted to learn that her soldier, Private Michael Deveau, was a “fireman” prior to enlistment (whether that was of the steamship variety or the firefighting type we’re not sure).
Part of the students’ task was to reflect on what learning about these men meant to them. Many expressed sadness and noted the young age of these men. Reece had this to say: “I thought doing this task was great because it connected me to someone that I never knew before. Even though I didn’t know him, I feel like I know him now.” Mack added, “I liked looking at the documents and seeing where he was from, what he did before the war, and seeing the dates of all the events.” As a teacher, these were truly rewarding reflections for me.
Once the students had gathered their information, they set about creating a tribute card in the shape of a maple leaf. On the front, they wrote a message to the fallen soldier; on the back, they signed their work and included a picture. I then had the cards laminated and packed them away in my suitcase for a long flight over the Atlantic Ocean later that summer. My brother and I had already planned a three-week trip that included a stop at Vimy Ridge. I made it my mission to deliver these messages from the younger generation to the graves of these fallen men.
Fast forward to July and I was soon on French soil, soaking up the war history and visiting many cemeteries from both world wars. At last, we arrived at Vimy. We visited the monument immediately and took time to reflect. My great-great-grandfather’s name is engraved on the wall there. Then, we made our way to Canadian Cemetery No. 2, Neuville St. Vaast, where many of the fallen from April 9, 1917, lay. Using a printed map of the cemetery, customized with the locations of the 18 graves I was to visit, I took my time placing the students’ work among the headstones. It was a roller coaster of emotion, from pride to sorrow. Before departing, I signed the cemetery guest book on behalf of my homeroom class—6M. Mission accomplished.
As a historian and teacher, I feel it’s important that current and future generations remain connected to the sacrifices of those who died for the very freedom we enjoy today. This trip allowed that goal to come full circle. I think Gavin summed it up best when he wrote to his soldier, “It would be amazing if I could meet you. I salute you for fighting for our freedom and giving your life to make ours better.” Lest we forget.
Don’t miss these incredible stories from Canadian veterans.
